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Entrepreneurship on the Decline Slip in New Business Creation Poses Risks
To many, the information age has been defined largely by the rise of digital companies that were born in apartments and garages and quickly made their young founders billionaires. It’s easy to think we live in a golden age for entrepreneurs.
In fact, however, entrepreneurship — as measured by the rate at which brand-new businesses enter the economy — has declined steadily for the last three decades. Today, older, bigger companies dominate an increasing share of America’s business landscape. And importantly, this trend isn’t isolated to specific regions or industries. It’s common throughout the economy.
Yet new businesses, however small, are enormously important to job growth and productivity gains.
Declines in New Business Creation
While newly created firms still represent a significant share of all businesses, Census data show that the new firm entry rate (that is, new businesses each year as a share of all businesses) has declined steadily in recent decades, both in Texas and the U.S. Texas’ new firm entry rate declined from 16.1 percent in 1982 to 9.1 percent in 2013 (latest available data).
In Texas and the nation as a whole, declines in the entry rate were particularly substantial after the Great Recession of 2008 and 2009. The rate has recovered somewhat in recent years, but remains well below pre-recession levels. New firms are struggling to gain momentum. In fact, the number of new firms declined in 2013 in both the U.S and Texas.
By contrast, firm exit rates (companies closing their doors as a share of all businesses) remained mostly steady between 1982 and 2013. The U.S. firm exit rate ticked up during the Great Recession and actually surpassed the entry rate in 2009, but fell back by 2012. In other words, new firms are entering the market more slowly, while closing rates have remained relatively stable for decades.
Research by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and others has found that the downward trend in firm entry rates can be seen in all 50 states and nearly every major metropolitan area, as well as across industries. Even the tech sector, famed for its startups, has seen a decline in entrepreneurship since 2000.
A related measure shown in Exhibits 1 and 2, the job reallocation rate, captures employment turnover in the economy, also known as “churn” — through business expansions, contractions, starts and closures — and it’s also on the decline. A steady rate of churn is crucial for the efficient allocation of labor and other resources. A declining reallocation rate indicates a less vibrant and dynamic economy, which in turn could weaken productivity and innovation.
(Note that self-employed workers are excluded from Census statistics. Self-employment saw significant growth during the 1980s and 1990s, but has fallen since the Great Recession.)
Exhibit 1: Texas Firm Entry, Exit and Reallocation Rates, 1982–2013
Roll over the chart for specific values.
Note: Entry and exit rates exclude self-employed workers, domestic service workers, railroad employees, agricultural workers, most government employees, employees on ocean-borne vessels and workers in foreign countries.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
Exhibit 2: U.S. Firm Entry, Exit and Reallocation Rates, 1982–2013
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Note: Entry and exit rates exclude self-employed workers, domestic service workers, railroad employees, agricultural workers, most government employees, employees on ocean-borne vessels and workers in foreign countries.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth
Numerous studies have confirmed the correlation between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth.
A 2003 examination by the Census Bureau’s Center for Economic Studies, for instance, found positive links between new business entry rates and economic expansion. Similarly, one 10-year academic analysis of 48 U.S. states found that those with a higher share of employment in very small businesses see higher levels of productivity and economic activity.
New firms, moreover, have a disproportionately large impact on job creation, accounting for about 20 percent of all new U.S. jobs annually. This quality is an important feature of new firms, particularly when compared to the volatile employment swings of established firms (Exhibits 3 and 4).
Exhibit 3: Net Job Creation by Firm Age in Texas, 1988–2013
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
Exhibit 4: Net Job Creation by Firm Age in U.S., 1988–2013
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
Job creation by new firms fell during the Great Recession, and has struggled to regain its pre-recession levels in Texas and the U.S. New firms in the U.S. as a whole created 1.4 million fewer jobs in 2013 than in 2006, a 35 percent drop. While Texas’ new businesses fared better, job creation by these firms in 2013 was down by 22.5 percent from 2005 levels.
What’s Causing The Decline?
Many economists are puzzled by the widespread decline in new firm formation. Recent research, however, points to two possible causes: slower population growth and business consolidation — the combination, through mergers and acquisitions, of multiple smaller businesses into fewer, larger ones.
A recent nationwide analysis by the Brookings Institution found that slower population growth in western, southwestern and southeastern states coincided with declines in new business formation. States with greater population growth tended to have higher business formation rates.
According to the Brookings Institution, business consolidation can be measured as the ratio of average firm size (in number of employees) to average establishment size, also by employee count, with “establishment” in this case meaning a single unit of a larger business, such as a single store in a retail chain or a manufacturing firm owned by a larger company.
For a region whose businesses operate only out of single stores or factories, the ratio would be 1/1, or 1.0 — each business has a single establishment. In the age of big-box retail, nationwide cellphone companies and the like, however, such ratios are unlikely.
As businesses grow through mergers and acquisitions, then, their average numbers of employees will increase, driving up the consolidation ratio.
Census data show that business communities in both the U.S. and Texas have become more consolidated in the past few decades (Exhibit 5). The U.S. business consolidation ratio rose from 1.22 in 1977 to 1.33 in 2012. Texas’ ratio rose from 1.23 to 1.36 in the same period.
Exhibit 5: Business Consolidation Ratios: U.S. vs Texas, 1977–2012
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
A high level of business consolidation can make it more difficult for new businesses to enter the market. Larger businesses often enjoy advantages, such as greater economies of scale and brand-name recognition, which may not be available to new businesses.
Aging Business Ownership
The decline in entrepreneurial activity is particularly noticeable among younger adults.
The share of young adults owning whole or partial stakes in private businesses has fallen substantially since the late 1980s, according to the Federal Reserve (Exhibit 6). In 1989, 10.3 percent of families headed by a person younger than 35 owned all or some part of a business. By 2013, this share had fallen to 6.5 percent. Ownership among those aged 35 to 54 declined as well, but remained higher than among those younger. Those 55 to 74 actually increased ownership rates.
Exhibit 6: U.S. Business Equity Ownership Rates by Age Group, 1989–2013
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Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Older, Larger Businesses
When new business formation rates decline, and firm exit rates hold steady, the mix of “young” versus “old” firms shifts accordingly (Exhibit 7).
The share of Texas firms five years old or younger fell from 45 percent in 1992 to 37 percent in 2013. The share of Texas employees in these newish firms declined from 20 percent to 13 percent. In the same period, Texas firms 16 years and older increased their total firm share from 19.5 percent to 32.5 percent, while employment in these firms rose from 58 percent to 70 percent.
Across America, the same pattern was seen even more strongly. The share of U.S. firms five years old or younger fell from 43.5 percent to 33 percent, while their employment share dropped from 18 percent to 11 percent.
Exhibit 7: Texas Firms and Employees by Firm Age, 1992 and 2013
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Texas Firms by Firm Age, 1992 and 2013
Texas Employees by Firm Age, 1992 and 2013
Note: totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
As businesses consolidate and the share of workers in older businesses rises, the share of workers employed in larger businesses is also growing (Exhibit 8). About 48 percent of Texas employees worked at firms with at least 500 workers in 1982; by 2013, that share had risen to 54 percent. In the same period, Texas firms with fewer than 20 employees saw their share of total employment fall from 20.5 percent to 16.1 percent.
Exhibit 8: Share of Texas Workforce by Firm Size, 1992 and 2013
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Note: totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Business Dynamics statistics, Comptroller of Public Accounts analysis
Though researchers question whether trends toward greater business consolidation and increasing employment at older firms are directly linked, it is clear that these trends are occurring simultaneously.
The decline in business entry rates has resulted in an older, larger and more consolidated business population, a shift making it increasingly difficult for new companies to compete with entrenched businesses for market share.
An Entrepreneurial Recovery?
Some measures signal that entrepreneurial activity may be slowly increasing. The Kauffman Foundation’s Index of Startup Activity measured a slight increase in its 2015 edition, ending four years of decline (Exhibit 9).
The index weighs three indicators of entrepreneurial activity in the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas:
- Rate of New Entrepreneurs — a broad measure of business ownership, estimating the share of the population that became entrepreneurs in a given month;
- Opportunity Share of New Entrepreneurs — the share of new entrepreneurs starting businesses due to a market opportunity rather than unemployment; and
- Startup Density — the number of startup firms per 100,000 members of the adult population.
Texas ranked 17th among all U.S. states in the 2015 index, down from 13th in 2014, yet its measures were even with or above U.S. averages. Notably, the Austin-Round Rock area had the highest startup density among U.S. metro areas, as well as the highest rate for new entrepreneurs, averaging 550 per 100,000 adults each month.
In addition, the San Antonio-New Braunfels area led all Texas metros with an 86.5 opportunity share in 2015, meaning that 86.5 percent of new entrepreneurs in the area were previously employed. Typically, businesses created from opportunity, rather than necessity, enjoy better growth prospects.
Exhibit 9: 2015 Kauffman Index of Startup Activity
| Area | Rate of New Entrepreneurs | Opportunity Share of New Entrepreneurs | Startup Density (per 100,000 adults) | Index Ranking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austin-Round Rock | 0.55% | 79.3% | 180.8 | 1 |
| Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown | 0.40% | 75.4% | 136.9 | 8 |
| San Antonio-New Braunfels | 0.34% | 86.5% | 111.9 | 10 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington | 0.30% | 78.0% | 142.5 | 15 |
| Texas | 0.36% | 80.6% | 130.4 | 17 |
| U.S. | 0.31% | 79.6% | 130.6 | n/a |
Note: The Rate of New Entrepreneurs and Opportunity Share of New Entrepreneurs indicators are calculated using the most recent (2014) Current Population Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics. Startup Density is calculated using the Census business dynamic statistics for 2012 (latest available data).
Source: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation
Declining startup rates in the U.S. as a whole may have contributed to the tepid growth in jobs and wages seen in most areas since the end of the Great Recession. Texas has fared considerably better, and continues to lure companies with its favorable business environment. Yet dwindling rates of new business formation pose a significant risk to our future prosperity.
Given the large importance of startups to job growth, competition and productivity, Texas policymakers should closely monitor and nurture entrepreneurial health. FN